A very important decision that small business owners regularly have to make is whether an expense should be considered a business expense or personal expense. This is a very important topic and can have a large impact on businesses when they come under scrutiny during a CRA review or audit. Many businesses do not have set guidelines or policies on making these decisions and owners often have to use their personal judgement when evaluating whether an expense is business or personal in nature. The CRA has very specific guidelines on criteria that businesses should consider when making these decisions.

The most important criteria would be whether the expense was incurred to earn income for the business. This is a very straightforward way of considering whether or not the expense is related to business activities. The logic is that the expenditure was necessary and vital to business activities. Using this metric will ensure that business owners will minimize their exposure by accidentally expensing items of a personal nature.

During a review or audit the CRA will review the general ledger and, should expenses appear that are out of the norm for the business’ core activity, ask why the expense was claimed. Failure to provide a good and clean answer will often result in the CRA agent digging deeper into the books and records of the company and will likely result in an unfavourable outcome for the business.

The importance of separating business and personal expenses appropriately cannot be overstated. If business owners use the criteria mentioned above, they will minimize their risk of having expenses disallowed during a CRA review or audit. If the CRA investigates and finds a large volume of personal expenses, not only will they be disallowed but the entity may be subject to non-deductible penalties and interest, and those responsible may have other legal consequences including further audits of the shareholders’ personal affairs.

Remember, if the expense was incurred by the business to earn revenue for the business, it is allowable. If it is at all questionable, professional advice should be sought or it should be considered personal in nature.

Submitted By:

Jonathan Carter, CPA, CMA | KATA Accounting Solutions Professional Corporation | (800)491-4803 | contact@kataaccounting.com | www.kataaccounting.com

Accounting as a discipline has evolved over a period of centuries. In the initial phase, it was thought to be restricted to mere bookkeeping or record-keeping of business transactions. However, gradually the importance of numbers contained in the accounting records of businesses became prominent and experts started generating a variety of reports to assist businesses to make informed decisions. In modern times accounting has thoroughly integrated with information technology to transform itself into a real-time information-based system that serves the needs of a variety of stakeholder groups interested in making an objective assessment of the financial health of a business. However, it is pathetic to know that majority of small businesses still regard accounting as mere bookkeeping and thus they remain oblivion to many of the benefits that modern accounting can render to enable them to make informed decisions.

Since the owner is the primary beneficiary of a business, therefore, it is imperative that he or she must take accounting as an essential support system to monitor the performance of the business from a variety of perspectives. Some of the key dimensions of modern accounting that are ironically ignored by owners of small businesses include the following.

Price setting of your products and services

The majority of small businesses set the prices of their products and services by following a rule of thumb approach or based on gut feeling. However, this is a naïve approach to price setting. Unless a business knows about its costs and their classification into fixed or variable components, a sustainable pricing policy cannot be adopted. Since price is a critical factor in generating sales, therefore, it must be viewed from a strategic or long-term perspective, which is not possible without analyzing the business’s cost structure. A variety of accounting methodologies, such as activity-based costing, marginal costing, absorption costing, and breakeven analysis may be used to determine a realistic pricing policy that ensures long-term growth in sales and profitability.

Proper understanding of profitability and liquidity of a business

For the majority of small businesses, profitability is the key determinant of the success of their business. However, it must be understood that profitability alone is not a guarantee that a business may survive in the long term unless its liquidity or solvency position remains intact. Profitability is the outcome of matching business expenses and receipts, while liquidity focuses on cash generation and the spending capacity of a business. Since cash is the king, therefore, a business with a strong liquidity base is more likely to survive in the long term than a business that merely generates more profits by relying on overtrading.

Knowing about Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of a business

For many small businesses, the only KPI is the overall profitability of a business. However, if a business is asked how that profitability has arrived, they remain clueless about the factors that are responsible for the profitability or losses of a business. These factors may include classifying business expenses as avoidable and unavoidable, fixed and variable, marginal and incremental; and classifying sales of products and services as profitable and loss-making, stagnant and exponential, retrograde and progressive, etc. By developing and monitoring KPIs that focus on critical factors impacting a business, a successful business strategy may be developed that ensures long-term profitability and growth in the net worth of a business.

Tax impact of capital and revenue expenses:

A proper understating of the tax impact of capital and revenue expenses is vital to arrive at an accurate profitability figure. Many small businesses wrongly classify certain capital expenses as revenue expenses and vice versa. Consequently, the profitability figure may show erratic patterns and the tax liability of a business may be miscalculated.

Real time accounting systems:

Many small businesses keep their record in a conventional manner. However, nowadays many bookkeeping software are available in the market that may be used to develop a real-time-based accounting system that can be connected with spreadsheets for financial analysis.

Submitted by:

Baqar Bhatti LLB, CPA, CMA, CGMA | CEO & Owner of Panacea at Zenith | 289-952-3494 | accountants@pazca.com | www.pazca.com

Tag: general ledger

Personal Vs Business Expenses: A Key Decision

Dimensions of Modern Accounting

Price setting of your products and services

Proper understanding of profitability and liquidity of a business

Knowing about Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) of a business

Tax impact of capital and revenue expenses:

Real time accounting systems: